Ground-glass opacification (HP:0025179)
On chest radiographs, ground-glass opacity appears as an area of hazy increased lung opacity, usually extensive, within which margins of pulmonary vessels may be indistinct. On CT scans, it appears as hazy increased opacity of lung, with preservation of bronchial and vascular margins. It is caused by partial filling of airspaces, interstitial thickening (due to fluid, cells, and/or fibrosis), partial collapse of alveoli, increased capillary blood volume, or a combination of these, the common factor being the partial displacement of air. Ground-glass opacity is less opaque than consolidation, in which bronchovascular margins are obscured.
Synonyms: GGO, Ground glass opacities, Ground-glass opacification on pulmonary HRCT
Comment: Ground-glass opacification is a non-specific sign and can be observed with many conditions including infection, chronic interstitial disease and acute alveolar disease. See Figure 2 of Hansell DM, et al., Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology. 2008;246:697-722.
Pubmed References: PMID:18195376 , PMID:23247773
KEGG Pathway
| Index | Name | P-value | Adjusted p-value | Odds Ratio | Combined score |
| 1 | ABC transporters | 0.02007 | 0.1185 | 56.67 | 221.48 |
| 2 | Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy | 0.03413 | 0.1185 | 32.75 | 110.63 |
| 3 | RNA degradation | 0.03500 | 0.1185 | 31.91 | 106.98 |
| 4 | TGF-beta signaling pathway | 0.04152 | 0.1185 | 26.74 | 85.09 |
| 5 | Fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis | 0.06085 | 0.1185 | 17.98 | 50.34 |
GO: Biological Process
| Index | Name | P-value | Adjusted p-value | Odds Ratio | Combined score |
| 1 | positive regulation of chromosome organization (GO:2001252) | 0.00001884 | 0.002717 | 439.08 | 4776.89 |
| 2 | establishment of protein localization to telomere (GO:0070200) | 0.002248 | 0.02312 | 624.59 | 3808.55 |
| 3 | positive regulation of cardioblast differentiation (GO:0051891) | 0.002248 | 0.02312 | 624.59 | 3808.55 |
| 4 | lung morphogenesis (GO:0060425) | 0.002248 | 0.02312 | 624.59 | 3808.55 |
| 5 | tricuspid valve development (GO:0003175) | 0.002248 | 0.02312 | 624.59 | 3808.55 |
GO: Molecular Function
| Index | Name | P-value | Adjusted p-value | Odds Ratio | Combined score |
| 1 | intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding (GO:0001161) | 0.002248 | 0.01537 | 624.59 | 3808.55 |
| 2 | phosphatidylcholine flippase activity (GO:0140345) | 0.002248 | 0.01537 | 624.59 | 3808.55 |
| 3 | phosphatidylcholine transfer activity (GO:0120019) | 0.002248 | 0.01537 | 624.59 | 3808.55 |
| 4 | cell adhesive protein binding involved in bundle of His cell-Purkinje myocyte communication (GO:0086083) | 0.002248 | 0.01537 | 624.59 | 3808.55 |
| 5 | RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity (GO:0003964) | 0.002697 | 0.01537 | 499.65 | 2955.69 |
GO: Cellular Component
| Index | Name | P-value | Adjusted p-value | Odds Ratio | Combined score |
| 1 | alveolar lamellar body (GO:0097208) | 0.002697 | 0.03580 | 499.65 | 2955.69 |
| 2 | transferase complex, transferring phosphorus-containing groups (GO:0061695) | 0.004043 | 0.03580 | 312.23 | 1720.62 |
| 3 | spanning component of plasma membrane (GO:0044214) | 0.005836 | 0.03580 | 208.11 | 1070.48 |
| 4 | lamellar body (GO:0042599) | 0.005836 | 0.03580 | 208.11 | 1070.48 |
| 5 | spanning component of membrane (GO:0089717) | 0.008966 | 0.04355 | 131.39 | 619.44 |
Hub genes as predicted biomarkers & FDA approved drugs
| Hub Genes (ranked) | FDA-Approved Drugs |
| TERT | OMACETAXINE MEPESUCCINATE |
| RTEL1 | – |
| OBFC1 | ATENOLOL |
| ABCA3 | – |
| DHX36 | – |
| NKX2-1 | – |
| DSP | ENALAPRIL |
| STON1 | – |
| BMPR2 | – |
